Business and Finance

The Desert That Learned to Move Capital, Story of How Abu Dhabi & Dubai Became the New Crossroads of Global Finance

The Desert That Learned to Move Capital, Story of How Abu Dhabi & Dubai Became the New Crossroads of Global Finance By Marina Ezzat Alfred For decades, global finance felt anchored. Its movements traced through familiar cities, the steel certainty of New York, the institutional rhythm of London, the disciplined precision of Singapore and Hong Kong. Capital flowed, but it flowed along known routes, guided as much by history as by logic. And then, almost imperceptibly, something changed. Not a rupture. Not a crisis. But a quiet reorientation.It appeared first in small decisions. Offices opened. Licenses were granted. Teams relocated. Individually, they meant little. Together, they formed a pattern. Something was shifting.And increasingly, that shift pointed toward the UAE. When Presence Becomes Signal It is easy to mistake what is happening in Abu Dhabi and Dubai for routine expansion. After all, global financial firms have always entered new markets, opening offices and testing opportunities. But this moment feels different. It is not incremental. It is intentional. It is concentration. A gathering of capital and influence in a place that is rapidly moving from the margins to the center of global finance. What makes it significant is not just the number of firms arriving, but who they are, and why they are here. When BlackRock deepened its presence across the region, while managing over $14 trillion globally, it was not simply expanding. Firms of that scale do not move for visibility. They move when something becomes strategically important. Because what they seek is not exposure, but access. Access to capital, especially sovereign and long-term institutional capital that plays a growing role in global markets. Access to relationships, to networks of decision-makers shaping where money flows. And access to influence, the ability to be present where those decisions are made. This is what the UAE now offers. Not just another market, but a place where capital gathers, connects, and increasingly, is directed. The Weight of Symbolic Moves Some decisions in global finance carry weight far beyond their operational logic. They signal intent, perspective, and, at times, a quiet recognition of where the world is heading. The arrival of the ecosystem surrounding Ray Dalio, through his connections to Bridgewater Associates, is one of those moments. Dalio is not simply an investor managing capital; he is widely regarded as an interpreter of global economic cycles. His work has long focused on understanding how power shifts across nations, how debt, policy, and geopolitics reshape markets over time. When someone with that lens chooses to anchor part of his investment network in Abu Dhabi, the decision carries a significance that extends beyond geography. It is not about opening an office or accessing a new market. It is about positioning within a changing system. Because Dalio’s moves are rarely reactive. They are informed by long-term patterns, by where influence is building, where capital is consolidating, and where future decisions are likely to emerge. For that perspective to align with Abu Dhabi suggests something deeper than expansion. It suggests recognition. Recognition that the map of capital allocation is no longer fixed, and that new centers of gravity are quietly taking shape. From Experiment to Commitment If the early moves into Abu Dhabi hinted at potential, what followed made that potential undeniable. The difference between exploration and commitment in global finance is subtle, but decisive. And few examples capture that transition more clearly than Brevan Howard. Rather than treating Abu Dhabi as a peripheral outpost, a place for representation or relationship-building, Brevan Howard approached it as a core operating base. It built teams, expanded capabilities, and, over time, scaled its presence to a level that redefined its global footprint. By 2025, Abu Dhabi had become the firm’s largest office worldwide by assets managed. That kind of shift does not happen by chance. It reflects a deliberate decision to anchor part of the business in a location that offers more than opportunity, it offers stability, access, and strategic alignment. For a hedge fund known for navigating complex global markets, such a move signals a high degree of confidence in the underlying environment. Because in financial markets, conviction is rarely abstract. It is built on clarity, clarity in regulation, in capital access, in operational infrastructure, and in long-term direction. And when that clarity is strong enough, it does more than attract attention.It anchors commitment. Dubai Where Capital Becomes Action While Abu Dhabi has drawn firms through capital gravity, Dubai has evolved into a platform for execution. The presence of Millennium Management and Point72 marks a clear turning point. These are not symbolic offices or relationship hubs, they are fully operational environments. Here, trades are executed in real time, strategies are deployed with precision, and teams are built around performance. This is where infrastructure meets intent. Where decisions are not discussed, but implemented. In Dubai, capital no longer sits in theory, it moves, reacts, and becomes active within the rhythm of global markets. The Moment Validation Arrived There is always a moment when a trend becomes undeniable. For the UAE, it arrived not through a single headline, but through steady accumulation, followed by confirmation. When Citadel signaled plans to establish a presence in Dubai, the message was clear. This was no longer a question of if, but of how far. Because firms like Citadel do not move lightly, nor do they follow momentum. They act with precision, entering markets where they see long-term strategic value. And in doing so, they do more than participate in trends, they help define the direction those trends ultimately take. The Crypto Layer Regulation Meets Reality While traditional finance moved with precision, another sector arrived with urgency. Crypto.For years, it existed in regulatory uncertainty, too large to ignore, too undefined to fully integrate. What the UAE offered was something rare. Clarity.Through frameworks designed not to restrict but to structure, the country positioned itself as one of the most closely watched crypto-regulatory environments in the world. This is why Binance did not merely enter the UAE, it

Bernd van Linder, The Discipline Behind Digital Banking’s Subtle Transformation

Dr. Bernd van Linder, CEO of Commercial Bank of Dubai The Discipline Behind Digital Banking’s Subtle By Hafsa Qadeer There are conversations with executives that feel like they are being carefully assembled in real time, polished, structured, and aware of every word’s weight. And then some conversations feel as though the thinking has already been done elsewhere, over years, across decisions, outcomes, and quiet recalibrations. Dr. Bernd van Linder’s reflections on the Commercial Bank of Dubai belong to the second category. What emerges from his answers is not a story of sudden transformation, but of controlled, almost patient reengineering, the kind that does not announce itself in dramatic language, but in consistency that becomes visible only when you step back far enough to see the pattern. During his first six years as CEO, CBD doubled its profitability, expanded its balance sheet, and strengthened its market share. In most boardrooms, that sentence would carry weight as a headline achievement. Yet he resists treating it as a headline at all. “The doubling of our profitability, balance sheet, and market share was the result of a disciplined, multi-faceted strategy executed with consistency over time,” he says. The emphasis falls not on expansion, but on discipline. Not on speed, but on continuity. Something is telling about that order. Because beneath the financial outcomes lies a more difficult challenge, one that rarely appears in quarterly reports: how to change the direction of an institution that is already functioning well without destabilising what already works. When he arrived, CBD did not need repair. It was a bank with strong foundations, a recognisable identity, and a stable customer base. The challenge was more subtle. Stability, if left unexamined, can slowly turn into inertia. “I recognised the need to reimagine the bank to ensure it remained relevant and competitive in a rapidly evolving financial landscape,” he says. Reimagine, in this context, does not mean disruption for its own sake. It means reinterpreting what already exists, asking what still serves its purpose, what no longer does, and what needs to be built around it for the next stage of relevance. What followed was not a single strategic turn, but a sequence of aligned decisions that gradually shifted the institution’s centre of gravity. At the heart of it was a principle that sounds simple until you consider its implications at scale. “To build a bank that customers actively choose, not merely use.” The difference between those two words, use and choose, quietly reshapes everything. “Use” implies convenience, habit, and default positioning. It suggests that a customer is present because it is practical, not because it is preferred. “Choose,” on the other hand, implies comparison. It implies awareness. It implies that the customer has other options and still decides to stay. Once that distinction becomes central, it stops being a slogan and starts becoming a filter. Every product, every process, every digital interface is measured against a different kind of question: would someone actively prefer this, or simply tolerate it? That shift does not produce instant change. But over time, it alters how decisions are made inside the organisation. Still, strategy alone does not carry transformation. People do. “At CBD, our strength is defined by the strength of our people,” he says. It is a line often repeated in corporate environments, but here it functions less as messaging and more as operational reality. Because in any large institution, strategy is never implemented exactly as designed. It is interpreted, adapted, sometimes resisted, and ultimately shaped by the people responsible for executing it. For Dr. van Linder, building alignment within that structure was as important as defining direction. “Building a leadership team and broader organisation with the right mix of experience, perspective, and accountability was central to translating strategy into clear, measurable outcomes,” he explains. Accountability is where many transformations quietly weaken. Vision is easy to articulate. Execution is where clarity is tested. Without accountability, even strong ideas begin to drift into interpretation rather than delivery. One of the clearest early expressions of this new direction was CBD’s move into Open Finance. In 2025, the bank became the first in the UAE to fully operationalise Open Finance for live customer use, a step that positioned it not just as a participant in the country’s financial evolution, but as one of its early shapers. “This achievement reflected our commitment to enabling seamless, digital-first experiences while contributing to the broader evolution of the UAE’s financial architecture,” he says. The phrase “financial architecture” is doing important work here. It shifts the perspective from individual institution to system. From product to infrastructure. From competition to participation in something collectively built. Open Finance, at its core, changes the relationship between banks and data. It introduces a level of interoperability that forces institutions to rethink control. For traditional banking models, that shift requires confidence, not just in capability, but in identity. At the same time, CBD did not attempt to become everything at once. Instead, it narrowed focus into areas where it could build depth rather than breadth: retail banking, SME financing, and corporate risk management. There is a quiet discipline in that decision. In a sector that often equates expansion with strength, focus can feel counterintuitive. But depth, when properly developed, tends to outlast breadth. If digital transformation defined the direction of the bank’s evolution, artificial intelligence has begun to define its tempo. Dr. van Linder’s perspective on AI is shaped by long proximity to it, not as a trend, but as a field he has seen evolve from theoretical foundations into practical systems. “Those of us working at the intersection of strategy, data, and financial services could see early on that data and artificial intelligence would fundamentally reshape banking,” he says. What has changed is not the idea itself, but its distance from implementation. The space between concept and execution has compressed dramatically. “What has been striking is the speed at which this evolution has taken place,” he adds. Today, AI sits inside decision-making processes that

Redefining Excellence in a Legacy-Driven Market

Redefining Excellence in a Legacy-Driven Market By Janhavi Gusani Breaking into a legacy-driven automotive market is not simply expansion — it is a test of conviction. In a landscape defined by trust and expectation, credibility must be earned, not assumed. For Zaher Sabbagh, Director of Chery UAE, that challenge is not theoretical; it defines his mandate. Breaking into this landscape is less about market entry and more about establishing credibility in one of the region’s most demanding automotive arenas — where trust is earned, not assumed. “It demands a particular kind of resolve,” he says. “You are not simply selling vehicles — you are building trust from the ground up.” That distinction has shaped his leadership approach. In a market where perception can shift quickly, Sabbagh places emphasis not on visibility, but on consistency — delivering a product and ownership experience that meets, and increasingly exceeds, expectations. Each milestone for Chery UAE, he notes, reinforces a simple but critical principle: conviction must be matched by delivery. Having spent over three decades in the UAE, including nearly 29 years within AWR Automotive, Sabbagh’s perspective is closely tied to the evolution of Dubai itself – a city that continues to redefine ambition. “Dubai does something remarkable to the people who choose to build their lives and pursue their dreams here: it removes limitations and constantly pushes the boundaries of what’s possible,” he says. That environment, shaped by diversity, speed, and an uncompromising standard of excellence, has influenced both his leadership style and the strategic direction of Chery UAE. Within this landscape, the UAE automotive sector remains one of the most competitive globally, driven by a strong association with performance, luxury, and technological advancement. Consumers here are not only aware of global trends, they expect them. For Chery, this presents both a challenge and an opportunity. Its positioning is deliberately clear: to deliver advanced automotive technology without the traditional premium cost barrier. Rather than asking customers to choose between value and quality, the brand aims to offer both simultaneously — a proposition that reflects both its global engineering capabilities and its regional ambitions. With a presence in more than 80 countries, supported by an extensive R&D network and a longstanding track record as a leading Chinese automotive exporter, Chery enters the UAE with established credentials. Its partnership with AWR Automotive further anchors the brand within a trusted local ecosystem. Yet, beyond these foundations, the focus remains on execution — ensuring that every customer interaction, from showroom experience to after-sales service, reflects the same level of consistency that defines the brand’s promise. In a market as technologically attuned as the UAE, expectations extend far beyond basic functionality. Today’s driver demands connectivity, intelligence, and seamless integration as standard. Chery’s response is anchored in its Super Hybrid platform, designed to bring advanced hybrid systems into a more accessible segment of the market. However, as Sabbagh emphasises, product alone does not define success. The ownership experience – from retail presence across key emirates to after-sales infrastructure plays an equally critical role in shaping long-term perception and trust. The broader rise of Chinese automotive brands has reshaped the global industry, driven by sustained investment in research, advanced manufacturing, and a decisive shift toward new energy technologies. What was once underestimated has now become a defining force within the sector. Within this evolving landscape, Chery distinguishes itself through a longstanding commitment to independent innovation, with a focus on engineering advancement and sustainable mobility. Sustainability, particularly within the context of the UAE’s long-term vision for clean energy and reduced emissions, is no longer peripheral, it is central to the future of mobility. Chery’s hybrid technology reflects this shift through an integrated system designed to optimise both efficiency and performance, combining high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, and adaptive operating modes that respond to real-time driving conditions. Tested across diverse climates, including extreme heat conditions comparable to the UAE, the platform is engineered not just for innovation, but for practical, real-world application. This approach comes into sharper focus with the introduction of the TIGGO 8 CSH, a model that reflects both the brand’s technological direction and its understanding of the local market. Designed for a driver who expects performance, intelligence, and refinement in equal measure, the vehicle delivers up to 1,200 km of combined range, making it particularly suited to the UAE’s long-distance driving culture. Performance remains equally considered, with responsive acceleration balanced by an efficient, quiet drive in everyday conditions. Inside, the TIGGO 8 CSH presents a well-appointed cabin that aligns with the expectations of a premium segment. A 15.6-inch HD central display anchors the digital experience, complemented by an eight-speaker audio system, multi-colour ambient lighting, and seamless connectivity through both wired and wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Comfort is equally prioritised, with features such as a panoramic sunroof, dual-zone automatic climate control with N95 filtration, and a driver’s seat equipped with memory, heating, ventilation, and electric adjustment. For families – a key segment in the UAE — the seven-seat configuration, combined with a 540° HD panoramic camera and a comprehensive suite of advanced driver assistance systems, reinforces both practicality and safety. More significantly, the TIGGO 8 CSH underscores a broader shift in the market. Access to advanced automotive technology is no longer confined to premium price points. As consumers increasingly evaluate brands based on performance and offering rather than legacy alone, value is being redefined and in that context, Chery’s proposition becomes increasingly relevant. For Sabbagh, this marks the beginning of a longer journey. The brand’s ambitions in the UAE extend beyond individual product launches, rooted instead in a long-term strategy focused on innovation, customer experience, and sustained growth. In a market that continues to evolve at pace, that clarity of direction – combined with the discipline to execute it may ultimately define its place within the region’s automotive landscape. From the UAE to a growing list of global markets, Chery’s rise reflects a broader shift in how automotive value is defined less by legacy, and more by performance, innovation,

Mohamad Masri, The New Logic of Money in the UAE’s Digital Economy

Mohamad Masri, The New Logic of Money in the UAE’s Digital Economy By Michelle Clark Across the UAE, the way people handle money is quietly shifting, changing daily life in ways most may not even notice. Payments, transfers, and financial flows are gradually becoming seamless, almost invisible, slipping into the background of daily life. This is the promise of “invisible finance,” and few are more attuned to its emergence than Mohamad Masri, CEO of Pyypl, a fintech company bridging traditional banking systems and digital assets. But Masri is not just a corporate leader; he is a product of the UAE itself, a region where rapid change, cultural diversity, and technological ambition collide, shaping a perspective that sees finance as more than transactions; it is infrastructure, connectivity, and trust. For Masri, living in the UAE has been formative. “Living here forces you to think ahead by default,” he reflects. “It’s one of the few places where regulation, infrastructure, and ambition move in sync. Being surrounded by so many nationalities and use cases also removes any ‘one-size-fits-all’ thinking.” The UAE is not just a market but a crucible of experimentation, where policies, culture, and technology interact at an accelerated pace. In such an environment, financial innovation cannot merely respond to demand, it must anticipate it, integrating multiple layers of complexity without overwhelming the end user. The notion of “invisible finance” encapsulates this philosophy. It is not about erasing money from view; it is about removing the frictions that make financial life cumbersome. Masri explains: “When sending money, paying, or managing funds becomes natural and instant, users stop thinking about the system behind it.” In practice, Pyypl is exploring this through digital asset-backed cards and stablecoin integration, enabling users to fund and spend across fiat and digital systems without the cognitive load of conversions, intermediaries, or technical complexities. This is not a theoretical exercise. Despite its reputation as a digitally advanced economy, the UAE still harbors gaps in usability and trust. Access to accounts or financial products is widespread on paper, yet many individuals remain hesitant to engage fully with financial services. Businesses, particularly small and medium enterprises (SMEs), confront inefficiencies in cross-border payments, liquidity management, and settlement timelines. Masri sees the potential of digital assets, particularly stablecoins, as practical tools to address these inefficiencies. “Faster settlement, improved transparency, and more efficient capital flows can unlock real value, particularly for SMEs operating across borders,” he notes. Masri’s approach is deeply human-centered. Unlike the stereotypical fintech narrative that emphasizes disruption or technology-first thinking, he begins with the user’s perspective. “If someone doesn’t trust traditional banking, it’s usually because of past experiences or lack of clarity. The same applies to businesses. They want reliability, transparency, and control over their funds and flows.” By embedding modern financial rails in familiar structures, cards, apps, and platforms, Pyypl aims to offer the dual benefit of innovation and reassurance. The importance of trust cannot be overstated in the UAE context, where regulatory frameworks are often cited globally as benchmarks for clarity and innovation. “The UAE regulatory ecosystem is one of the strongest enablers of innovation, not a blocker,” Masri observes. “It sets clear boundaries, but within those boundaries, you can build confidently.” For a fintech company straddling the worlds of fiat and digital assets, such clarity is critical. Regulatory compliance is no longer a constraint but a platform upon which to build responsibly, ensuring that stablecoin-backed cards and other alternative settlement systems operate securely and predictably. Masri’s career trajectory reflects this blend of pragmatism and foresight. Leadership in fintech, he suggests, is less about seizing attention and more about cultivating endurance. “Hype is easy, but sustainability is built in silence. Consumer apps can scale fast, but real longevity comes from building systems that others rely on. When you power financial flows behind the scenes, across multiple partners and markets, you create something much more durable.” The lesson is clear: in an era where fintech startups rise and fall on viral adoption metrics, the lasting innovators are those who build invisible, indispensable infrastructure. Such infrastructure is critical in bridging cultural and behavioral differences across markets. Financial behavior is not universal. Speed, trust, and relational dynamics vary widely between countries, and new financial instruments must respect these norms. Masri notes, “In some markets, speed is everything. In others, trust and relationships matter more. When you introduce new concepts like digital assets or alternative rails, cultural context becomes even more important. Adoption depends not just on technology, but on how comfortable people and businesses feel using it.” Understanding these subtleties has become a cornerstone of Pyypl’s cross-border strategy, demonstrating that fintech innovation is as much social engineering as it is technical. The rise of invisible finance also prompts reflection on how people engage with money. Contrary to the fear that automation diminishes control, Masri believes users are gaining a different kind of agency. “They don’t want to manage money actively all the time; they want systems that work for them. As finance becomes embedded, users benefit from faster and more efficient systems without needing to understand the complexity behind them. They simply experience speed, accessibility, and control.” This subtle redistribution of agency represents a fundamental shift in financial literacy: mastery no longer requires micromanagement; it now hinges on trust and comprehension of broader systemic reliability. Masri’s vision is grounded not only in technical innovation but also in the formative challenges he has faced. Navigating regulatory uncertainty, restructuring operations, and adapting to shifting market conditions demanded more than strategic agility, they necessitated a deep understanding of what financial systems are meant to accomplish. “Those moments pushed us to rethink our role, not just as a product, but as a bridge between different financial ecosystems, traditional and digital, consumer and enterprise,” he recalls. It is precisely this reflective lens that distinguishes him from many peers: leadership is not merely operational; it is interpretive, translating complex global trends into actionable, human-centered solutions. The UAE, Masri emphasizes, has been instrumental in shaping this worldview. Its

The Secret Beneath the Sand, The UAE Is Engineering Water Security in a Desert That Offers None

The Secret Beneath the SandThe UAE Is Engineering Water Security in a Desert That Offers None By Marina Ezzat Alfred On the surface, water in the Emirates feels effortless. It appears in hotel lobbies, chilled and filtered, in kitchen taps that run without hesitation, in fountains choreographed in shopping malls, and in green strips of landscape that seem almost defiant against a desert horizon. For residents and the millions who pass through its cities as visitors, water is an integral part of everyday life. It is expected. It is assumed. It is part of the country’s polish, its comfort, its promise of reliability. Yet that sense of ease is one of the great illusions of modern Gulf urbanism. Nothing about it is natural, and nothing about it is simple. The water that arrives so quietly is produced, transported, stored, monitored, and defended by a system that is among the most ambitious in the world. The UAE has had to build that system because geography offered it very little help. It is an arid country with scarce natural freshwater, irregular rainfall, and groundwater that has been under strain for years. The Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure says water is one of the country’s most important national-priority issues precisely because of this scarcity, the climate, and the pressure created by development. Its Water Security Strategy 2036 is meant to ensure sustainable access to water in normal times and emergency conditions, while reducing total water demand by 21 percent, lowering the water scarcity index, and increasing treated-water reuse to 95 percent by 2036. In other words, the UAE is not treating water as a convenience sector. It is treating it as a matter of state continuity. That approach begins with a hard truth: the country depends heavily on non-conventional water. Official figures say desalinated seawater and treated wastewater now contribute 53 percent of the UAE’s water supply. The same source says there are more than 160 wastewater treatment plants in the country, with a total capacity of over 3 million cubic meters a day, and that 73 percent of treated wastewater is reused for irrigation in cities. Those are not the numbers of a country that is casually managing a resource. They are the numbers of a country that has had to turn wastewater, seawater, and engineering into a working civic philosophy. The modern UAE does not wait for freshwater to appear; it manufactures it, recycles it, and plans around its absence. That manufacturing starts at the coast, where desalination has become the backbone of urban life. Abu Dhabi’s Taweelah Reverse Osmosis plant is described by EWEC as the world’s largest reverse osmosis desalination facility, supplying 909,000 cubic meters a day. That scale matters not only because it is large, but because it marks a change in the kind of desalination the UAE is building. Abu Dhabi officials say the shift from thermal desalination to reverse osmosis rose by 46 percent between 2020 and 2023, and EWEC’s current portfolio includes major new RO projects such as M2 RO, which will supply up to 546,000 cubic meters a day, Shuweihat 4 RO at up to 318,000 cubic meters a day, and a planned Future RO plant at up to 273,000 cubic meters a day. The country is still leaning on the sea, but it is doing so with newer, lower-carbon technology and larger reserves of capacity. This transition is more important than a simple technology upgrade. It shows that the UAE has moved from asking how much water it can produce to asking how sustainably it can produce it. EWEC says its long-term planning aligns with the UAE Energy Strategy 2050, which aims to raise clean energy’s share in the energy mix to 50 percent by 2050 and reduce the carbon footprint of power generation by 70 percent. That connection is crucial because desalination is only as sustainable as the energy feeding it. A country that depends on desalinated water cannot afford to ignore the electricity behind every litre. So the water story becomes an energy story, and the energy story becomes a climate story. The pipeline, the grid, the plant, and the solar field are no longer separate worlds. They are part of the same sentence. Still, desalination has a weakness that planners in any coastal desert nation understand very well: it is vulnerable. It is concentrated along the shore. It requires continuous operation. It can be disrupted by technical failure, contamination, or broader shocks that are difficult to predict but impossible to ignore. That is why the UAE’s most interesting water project is not its largest plant. It is the hidden reserve in the desert. In Abu Dhabi’s Liwa region, engineers built a strategic water reserve using aquifer storage and recovery. In simple terms, desalinated water is injected underground during normal periods and later withdrawn when needed. The GRIPP case study explains that strategic water reserves are meant to cover seasonal, long-term, emergency, or crisis demands, and that surface reservoirs in GCC countries generally hold only a few days of supply, which is not enough for a prolonged emergency. The Liwa reserve was designed to change that equation by storing desalinated water underground, where evaporation is negligible and surface risk is reduced. The scale of that reserve is what makes it more than an engineering curiosity. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi has described Makhzan Al Khair, the shallow aquifer north of Liwa, as the largest groundwater storage project of its kind, serving as a strategic reserve for Abu Dhabi Emirate. The GRIPP case profile says the scheme was developed through more than a decade of testing and implementation and notes that the UAE’s large-scale aquifer storage and recovery experience has been encouraging for arid regions elsewhere. This is one of the quietest major infrastructure projects in the country, and maybe that is exactly why it matters. It does not announce itself with towers or facades. It disappears into geology. Yet it is one of the strongest answers the UAE has found

Bitcoin Value Can Be Zero? The Thermodynamic Trap Why Bitcoin Value Must Ultimately Vanish

Bitcoin Value Can Be Zero? The Thermodynamic Trap, Why Bitcoin Value Must Ultimately Vanish Steve Keen, A Distinguished US Expert believes Bitcoin value can go to zero. By Editorial Team The meteoric rise of Bitcoin from a fringe cryptographic experiment to a trillion dollar asset class has been one of the most remarkable financial phenomena of the twenty first century. To its proponents, it represents a digital gold or a revolutionary hedge against the profligacy of central banks. However, if one applies the cold logic of thermodynamics and the urgent realities of climate science, a different picture emerges. The very mechanism that provides Bitcoin with its security and scarcity is the same mechanism that will ultimately ensure its downfall. When we strip away the speculative fervor and the complex mathematical jargon, we are left with an inescapable conclusion that Bitcoin is a thermodynamic trap that will eventually go to zero. To understand why this collapse is inevitable, one must first look at the architectural foundation of the Bitcoin network. At its core, Bitcoin relies on a process known as proof of work. This is the system used to secure the public ledger and verify transactions. In a traditional banking system, security is maintained through centralized authority and legal frameworks. In the decentralized world of Bitcoin, security is bought through the sheer expenditure of physical energy. The network is designed such that breaking the ledger or altering the history of transactions would require an individual or entity to possess more computing power than the rest of the network combined. This ensures that the cost of an attack is prohibitively expensive, but it also means that the survival of the currency is inextricably linked to a massive and ever growing consumption of electricity. When Bitcoin was first introduced, the energy required to mine a block was negligible. A hobbyist could participate using a standard home computer. However, the system is designed with a difficulty adjustment algorithm that ensures blocks are produced roughly every ten minutes, regardless of how much computing power is joined to the network. As the price of Bitcoin rose, it became more profitable for miners to invest in specialized hardware and massive data centers. This created a competitive arms race where miners must constantly increase their energy consumption just to maintain their share of the network. This is not a bug in the system; it is the fundamental feature that makes the ledger immutable. The security of the coin is literally backed by the heat generated by millions of processors running at full capacity around the globe. From an economic perspective, this creates a bizarre situation where a digital asset requires more physical resources to maintain as it becomes more successful. Unlike traditional technologies which tend to become more efficient over time, Bitcoin’s design forces it to become more energy intensive. This creates a collision course with the physical limits of our planet. We are currently living in an era where climate scientists are warning us that we are reaching a tipping point. The global community is beginning to realize that our current levels of energy consumption are unsustainable and that we must make drastic cuts to our carbon footprint to avoid ecological catastrophe. In a world where we are struggling to find enough clean energy to power our homes, hospitals, and industries, the idea of dedicating a country sized amount of electricity to a digital ledger will become increasingly indefensible. There is a common argument among Bitcoin enthusiasts that the network can transition to renewable energy or that it actually incentivizes the development of green power by using stranded energy. This argument, while clever, misses the broader point of resource allocation. Even if Bitcoin were powered entirely by solar and wind, it would still represent a massive diversion of renewable resources that could be used to decarbonize other sectors of the economy that are essential for human survival, such as transportation, heating, and food production. >In a resource constrained world, society will eventually be forced to make hard choices about what activities are essential and what activities are luxuries we can no longer afford. When the choice is between maintaining a speculative digital asset and keeping the lights on in our cities, the outcome is predictable. We must look at the hierarchy of energy needs. If we are to successfully navigate the climate crisis, we will likely see the implementation of strict energy quotas or carbon taxes that reflect the true cost of consumption. Under such a regime, high energy activities that provide low social utility will be the first to be restricted or banned. Cryptocurrencies and frequent international travel are two of the most obvious targets for such measures because they are energy intensive and, in the case of Bitcoin, have alternatives that are orders of magnitude more efficient. Modern digital payment systems and centralized banking ledgers can process millions of transactions with a fraction of the energy that Bitcoin requires for a single block. While these systems lack the decentralized ethos of Bitcoin, they are thermodynamically viable in a way that Bitcoin is not. The eventual downfall of Bitcoin will not necessarily come from a flaw in its code or a hack of its network. Instead, it will come from a shift in the regulatory and social landscape. As the physical impacts of climate change become more pronounced, the political will to allow such massive energy expenditure for a speculative asset will evaporate. We will likely see governments around the world follow the lead of nations that have already begun to crack down on mining operations. Once the ability to mine is restricted or the cost of energy is adjusted to reflect its true environmental impact, the incentive to maintain the network will disappear. The security of the Bitcoin ledger is entirely dependent on the continuous participation of miners. If the mining rewards plus transaction fees no longer cover the cost of electricity and hardware, miners will shut down their machines. As the total hashing

When a Narrow Waterway Drives Global Prices & Household Budgets

When a Narrow Waterway Drives Global Prices & Household Budgets By Marina Ezzat Alfred For many people, a distant maritime passage rarely feels relevant to daily life. It exists somewhere far away, out of sight and out of mind, disconnected from routine concerns like rent, groceries, or transport costs. Yet there are certain places in the global economy whose influence is so concentrated that any disruption can ripple outward at remarkable speed. One such passage carries a significant share of the world’s energy supply, and when its stability is questioned, the effects move quickly through markets and into the everyday expenses of millions of people. A large portion of global oil and natural gas flows through this narrow route. Because so much supply is funneled through a single point, even the perception of disruption can trigger immediate reactions. Markets are highly sensitive to risk, and energy traders respond not only to actual shortages but also to the possibility of them. The result is often a rapid increase in prices, sometimes within hours. This kind of volatility does not remain confined to trading floors. It spreads outward, affecting transportation, production, and ultimately the cost of living. Energy plays a foundational role in modern economies. It powers factories, fuels transportation networks, and keeps homes running. When the price of oil or gas rises, it creates a chain reaction. Higher fuel costs make it more expensive to transport goods. Those increased costs are passed along to retailers, and eventually to consumers. Food prices rise because farming and distribution depend heavily on fuel. Clothing, electronics, and everyday goods become more expensive because they rely on global supply chains that are sensitive to energy costs. This process often unfolds faster than people expect. A spike in energy prices can begin influencing household expenses within days or weeks. Fuel stations adjust prices quickly, reflecting changes in wholesale costs. Airlines respond by increasing ticket prices or adding surcharges. Delivery services and logistics companies raise their rates, which in turn affects online shopping and retail pricing. What begins as a disruption in one part of the world becomes visible in the receipts and bills of ordinary households. Businesses tend to feel these pressures before consumers fully notice them. Companies that rely heavily on transportation or manufacturing are particularly exposed. Airlines, for example, operate on tight margins and are highly sensitive to fuel costs. When oil prices rise, they must either absorb the losses or pass them on to passengers. Most choose a combination of both, but over time, higher ticket prices become unavoidable. Shipping companies face similar challenges. Moving goods across oceans requires large quantities of fuel, and any increase in cost directly affects their operations. These companies typically pass on the additional expense to retailers, who then adjust prices for consumers. Manufacturers also face rising costs, especially those that depend on energy intensive processes or petroleum based materials. As their expenses increase, they are forced to either reduce margins or raise prices. Small and medium sized businesses often face the greatest difficulties in this environment. Unlike large corporations, they may not have the financial tools or reserves to manage sudden cost increases. They cannot easily hedge against energy price fluctuations or negotiate better rates with suppliers. As a result, they are more vulnerable to sudden changes. Some may delay hiring, postpone expansion plans, or reduce investment. Others may have no choice but to raise prices, even if it risks losing customers. While many sectors struggle, others experience increased demand. Industries related to energy production, infrastructure, and alternative energy sources may benefit from higher prices. Companies involved in efficiency technologies or renewable energy solutions often see increased interest as businesses and governments look for ways to reduce dependence on volatile fuel markets. This uneven impact highlights how economic shocks rarely affect all sectors in the same way. Instead, they create a landscape where some areas contract while others expand. Beyond the direct financial effects, there is also a psychological dimension that plays a crucial role. When people expect higher costs, they begin to change their behavior. Households may cut back on discretionary spending, postponing travel, dining out less frequently, or delaying major purchases. Even before price increases fully take hold, the anticipation of higher expenses can lead to reduced consumption. This shift in behavior has broader consequences for the economy. Consumer spending is a major driver of economic growth in many countries. When people spend less, businesses earn less revenue, which can lead to reduced hiring or investment. Over time, this can slow economic activity. What begins as a reaction to rising fuel costs can evolve into a wider slowdown driven by reduced confidence. Financial markets also respond to these developments. Investors tend to seek stability during periods of uncertainty, moving their money into assets that are perceived as safer. This can lead to fluctuations in stock markets, changes in bond yields, and shifts in currency values. These movements may seem distant from everyday life, but they can influence pensions, savings, and the overall health of the economy. One of the most significant concerns during periods of rising energy prices is inflation. When the cost of fuel increases, it contributes to a broader rise in prices across the economy. This type of inflation is particularly challenging because it is driven by supply constraints rather than strong demand. In such cases, traditional tools used to manage inflation may be less effective. Higher interest rates, for example, can reduce demand by making borrowing more expensive. However, they cannot increase the supply of energy or reduce production costs directly. This creates a difficult situation where efforts to control inflation may also slow economic growth. Policymakers must balance these competing pressures, often with limited options. The concept of stagflation becomes relevant in this context. This occurs when an economy experiences both slow growth and rising prices at the same time. It is a challenging scenario because the usual solutions for one problem can worsen the other. For households, this means facing

The Year UAE Quietly Redefined Global Trade, Beyond the Horizon

The Year UAE Quietly Redefined Global Trade, Beyond the Horizon By Marina Ezzat Alfred At the start of 2026, something remarkable unfolded in the United Arab Emirates, though it did not arrive with spectacle or noise. It appeared instead as a number, understated yet profound. Non oil foreign trade surpassed the one trillion dollar mark, reaching AED 3.67 trillion well ahead of the country’s original 2031 target. On the surface, it looked like a milestone reserved for economists and policymakers. Beneath it, however, was a far more compelling narrative, one shaped by ambition, discipline, and a deliberate reimagining of what a modern trading nation can become. For much of its modern history, the UAE was viewed through a particular lens. It was a place of movement, a highly efficient transit hub connecting continents. Goods flowed through its ports and airports in seamless succession, traveling from East to West and back again. Containers arrived, were processed with remarkable speed, and continued on their journeys. The system worked. It was reliable, strategic, and indispensable to global commerce. Yet by 2026, that description no longer fully captures reality. The UAE has begun to outgrow the role of a passageway. It is emerging instead as a place where trade routes are imagined, structured, and actively shaped. This transformation did not happen overnight, nor was it accidental. It reflects years of calculated decisions, long term investments, and a willingness to evolve beyond established strengths. Central to this shift has been the country’s expansive network of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements. These agreements are not simply about lowering tariffs or increasing trade volumes in the traditional sense. They operate on a deeper level, addressing the subtle inefficiencies that often slow down cross border commerce. By aligning regulatory standards, simplifying customs procedures, and strengthening investor protections, these partnerships remove friction from the system. Trade becomes not just faster, but smoother and more predictable. In 2026, new agreements with countries such as Vietnam, Kenya, and Nigeria came into effect, each one adding a new dimension to the UAE’s global reach. These partnerships are not incidental. Vietnam connects the Emirates more deeply into the manufacturing ecosystems of Southeast Asia, offering access to dynamic production networks that continue to expand in scale and sophistication. Kenya serves as a gateway into East Africa, a region rich in agricultural potential and growing logistical importance. Nigeria, with its vast population and rising consumer demand, opens doors to one of the most significant markets on the African continent. Taken together, these relationships do more than increase trade flows. They reshape the map itself. The UAE now sits at the center of an interconnected system linking Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East in ways that feel increasingly organic and mutually reinforcing. Geography becomes less about distance and more about connection. The Emirates is no longer simply bridging regions. It is helping design the pathways that bind them together. While the trillion dollar figure captures attention, it is the underlying activity that gives it meaning. Growth on this scale is not abstract. It reflects real changes across industries and communities. When non oil exports surged by nearly half in the period leading into 2026, the effects were felt far beyond spreadsheets. Factories extended their operating hours. Logistics companies expanded their workforces. Engineers refined production techniques and developed new systems. Traders navigated complex negotiations across multiple time zones, building relationships that extend beyond single transactions. The composition of exports reveals just how far the UAE’s economic landscape has evolved. Precious metals remain a cornerstone, but their role has become more sophisticated. The focus is no longer limited to re exporting raw materials. Instead, the Emirates has established itself as a trusted center for refining, certification, and secure trade. Gold, for example, now moves through a system defined by transparency and credibility, connecting producers in Africa with demand in Asia and financial networks in Europe. It is not merely about the movement of value, but about the creation of trust. Alongside this, advanced polymers have emerged as a significant contributor to export growth. These materials, essential to industries such as aerospace, healthcare, and sustainable packaging, signal a deeper level of industrial capability. The UAE is no longer confined to trading in basic commodities. It is increasingly involved in the production and export of high value components that form the backbone of modern manufacturing. This shift reflects an economy that is not only diversifying but also climbing the value chain. Specialized machinery adds another layer to this transformation. Equipment designed for energy systems, food processing, and modular construction is now being developed and exported from within the Emirates. The emphasis is on customization and integration, tailoring solutions to specific markets and needs. This represents a meaningful departure from the past. The UAE is no longer just importing and redistributing technology. It is actively shaping it, contributing to innovation and adapting it to diverse environments. Beyond growth and diversification, there is a growing emphasis on resilience. The disruptions experienced in recent years exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, from food security to industrial inputs. Rather than retreating or adopting a defensive posture, the UAE has responded by embedding resilience into its trade strategy. The approach is proactive, focusing on diversification and long term stability rather than short term gains. Food security has become a central element of this strategy. By building partnerships with agricultural producers in Africa and investing in agritech collaborations across Asia, the UAE is ensuring a more reliable flow of essential goods. Storage infrastructure has been enhanced, and digital tracking systems have been introduced to improve visibility and responsiveness. These measures create a buffer against global shocks, allowing supply chains to remain functional even under pressure. A similar philosophy applies to industrial resilience. Securing access to raw materials and critical components over the long term provides manufacturers with the predictability they need to invest and expand. Stability becomes a competitive advantage, enabling businesses to plan with confidence and pursue growth opportunities that might otherwise be too

The Circular Economy Shift Driving the UAE’s Low Carbon Growth

The Circular Economy Shift Driving the UAE’s Low Carbon Growth By Marina Ezzat Alfred The United Arab Emirates has moved beyond treating sustainability as a distant policy ambition and is now embedding it into the core mechanics of its economy. With real GDP growth projected at around 5.3 percent, the country is confronting a challenge that has historically defined industrial expansion worldwide, how to grow output and prosperity without increasing emissions. Where economic development once rose in lockstep with energy consumption and carbon output, the UAE is actively attempting to decouple the two, transforming sustainability from an aspiration into an operating principle. This transition represents the execution stage of the UAE Net Zero 2050 strategy. Rather than being confined to high level commitments, climate considerations are now integrated into regulatory frameworks, financial systems, and infrastructure planning. The shift is structural rather than symbolic. Sustainability is no longer a reputational add on for corporations but a prerequisite for participation in the economy. The scale of investment reflects this shift. The UAE has committed roughly 600 billion dirhams, equivalent to about 160 billion dollars, toward clean and renewable energy through 2050. Installed solar capacity has expanded rapidly, led by projects such as the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, which is expected to reach 5 gigawatts of capacity, making it one of the largest single site solar parks in the world. The levelized cost of solar energy in the UAE has fallen to among the lowest globally, in some cases below 2 cents per kilowatt hour, reinforcing the economic case for renewables beyond environmental considerations. Entities like Masdar have evolved into global players, with renewable energy investments spanning more than 40 countries and a portfolio exceeding 20 gigawatts of capacity either installed or under development. This expansion signals that renewable energy is no longer experimental infrastructure but a central pillar of energy supply and economic diversification. Policy enforcement has kept pace with investment. The nationwide ban on single use plastic bags, combined with broader restrictions on disposable products, is reshaping supply chains and consumer behavior. Businesses are redesigning packaging systems and investing in recyclable and biodegradable materials, while manufacturers are shifting toward circular production models. Waste reduction is no longer driven by voluntary commitments but by enforceable regulation, pushing circularity into mainstream economic practice. The most profound transformation is unfolding within financial systems. Climate risk is now treated as financial risk. The Central Bank of the UAE has introduced a sustainable finance framework requiring banks and financial institutions to integrate environmental, social, and governance factors into risk assessments and lending decisions. This aligns with global trends where investors increasingly demand transparency on emissions, exposure to transition risks, and long term sustainability strategies. The implications are immediate. Access to capital is increasingly tied to environmental performance. Green bonds and sukuks have grown significantly, with the UAE becoming one of the largest issuers of sustainable debt in the region. Sustainability linked loans are structured so that borrowing costs are directly influenced by whether companies meet emissions reduction or efficiency targets. This creates measurable financial incentives that accelerate behavioral change across industries. Economic growth in the UAE is also being restructured at its source. Expansion is shifting away from energy intensive sectors toward renewables, digital technologies, advanced manufacturing, and sustainable infrastructure. Non oil sectors now contribute more than 70 percent of GDP, reflecting a deliberate move toward diversification. At the same time, investments in hydrogen, carbon capture, and energy storage are positioning the country within emerging low carbon value chains. Public investment continues to play a catalytic role. Sovereign wealth funds and government backed entities are deploying capital to reduce the risks associated with early stage technologies, enabling private sector participation. Over time, this approach builds commercially viable ecosystems around clean energy and sustainability driven industries. Food security illustrates how sustainability is being translated into everyday impact. The UAE, which imports close to 85 percent of its food, is investing heavily in controlled environment agriculture, vertical farming, and precision irrigation. These technologies reduce water consumption by up to 90 percent compared to traditional agriculture while increasing yield stability. Wastewater reuse and renewable powered desalination further support resource efficiency, creating closed loop systems that minimize environmental strain. This integration of agritech with sustainability policy strengthens both resilience and economic output. It shortens supply chains, reduces vulnerability to global disruptions, and contributes to non oil GDP growth while attracting investment aligned with climate objectives. Globally, capital markets are undergoing a structural shift toward sustainability. Institutional investors managing trillions of dollars are aligning portfolios with net zero targets, and climate disclosure standards are becoming mandatory across major economies. In this context, the UAE’s regulatory clarity and proactive integration of sustainability into financial and industrial systems are emerging as competitive advantages. The country is positioning itself as a regional hub for climate aligned investment by offering a stable regulatory environment and a pipeline of bankable green projects. This creates a reinforcing cycle where strong policy attracts capital, capital funds sustainable infrastructure, and successful implementation strengthens economic performance. Data from international assessments such as Climate Action Tracker indicate that while the UAE still faces challenges in aligning fully with global temperature goals, its policy trajectory shows increasing ambition, particularly in renewable deployment, efficiency improvements, and financial sector reforms. The gap between targets and implementation is narrowing as execution accelerates. What distinguishes the current phase is the shift from commitment to application. Economic growth continues, but it is being redesigned to operate within environmental constraints. Infrastructure is built with lifecycle efficiency in mind, financial systems reward sustainability performance, and resource management is integrated into production and consumption patterns. The UAE is not reducing its economic ambitions. It is redefining how those ambitions are achieved. The emerging model suggests that growth can be sustained while emissions are stabilized or reduced, provided that policy, finance, and technology are aligned. This transformation is still in progress, but its direction is clear. Sustainability in the UAE is no longer a narrative or a

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Prof. Nancy Ip, A Life in Neuroscience Leadership & the Pursuit of Science That Serves Humanity, The Responsibility of Knowledge

Prof. Nancy Ip The Responsibility of Knowledge A Life in Neuroscience Leadership & the Pursuit of Science That Serves Humanity By Paul Smith For Nancy Ip, the pursuit of knowledge has always carried a deeper meaning. Scientific discovery, in her view, is not only about understanding the world. It is also about improving it. As President of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong, Prof Nancy Ip stands among the most influential figures shaping scientific research and higher education in Asia. Her career bridges two worlds that often seem distant from one another. One is the careful, methodical environment of neuroscience research. The other is the complex landscape of global education, innovation, and leadership. Yet for her these worlds are inseparable because knowledge carries a responsibility that extends far beyond academic walls. The modern era presents challenges that no single discipline can solve alone. Climate change affects ecosystems, economies, and public health simultaneously. Technological advances are transforming industries and social structures with remarkable speed. Aging populations around the world are placing new pressures on healthcare systems and scientific research In such a world, universities cannot limit themselves to producing research papers and graduates. Institutions of higher learning must become places where knowledge meets society. Scientists must help people understand change, guide policymakers with evidence, and develop innovations that address real problems. Prof Nancy Ip believes that open collaboration remains one of the most powerful tools available to science. Progress accelerates when ideas move freely across disciplines and borders. Partnerships between universities, governments, industries, and communities ensure that discoveries do not remain confined to laboratories but reach the people who need them most. Education plays a central role in this mission. The challenges of the twenty first century require thinkers who are comfortable working across multiple fields. Solving complex biomedical problems may involve physicians who understand patients, molecular biologists who study cellular processes, engineers who design new technologies, and data scientists who analyze enormous datasets. Recognizing this reality, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology has embraced interdisciplinary learning as a defining part of its academic culture. Students are encouraged to explore connections between science, engineering, technology, and the humanities. The goal is to cultivate curiosity and creativity rather than narrow specialization. The belief that institutions must invest deeply in people is something Prof Nancy Ip learned early in her career. When she joined the university in the early nineteen nineties, she worked closely with its founding president, Woo Chia-Wei. His leadership left a lasting influence on the university and on those who worked alongside him. Prof Woo held a simple but powerful conviction. Great universities are built by great scholars. Recruiting exceptional faculty members and giving them the freedom to pursue ambitious research would create an environment where talent could flourish. That philosophy helped transform a young institution into one of Asia’s leading centers of research within just a few decades Another lesson from those early years concerned the importance of visionary thinking. Long before regional integration became widely discussed, Prof Woo recognized the potential for collaboration between Hong Kong and neighboring cities in southern China. His ideas anticipated the rise of the Greater Bay Area, an ambitious region linking innovation, finance, manufacturing, and research across multiple cities. The experience reinforced an enduring principle. Leadership requires the courage to pursue ideas that may not yet be widely understood. Institutions grow when they invest in people and maintain a long term vision. Despite the many responsibilities of leading a major university, scientific research remains central to Prof Nancy Ip’s life. Internationally recognized for her work in neuroscience, she has devoted decades to understanding the biological mechanisms that govern the human brain. One of the most pressing challenges in this field is the global rise of Alzheimer’s disease. As populations age, the number of people affected by dementia continues to grow rapidly. Families across the world confront the emotional and practical consequences of a condition that gradually erodes memory and cognitive ability. For many years, scientists struggled to find effective ways to diagnose and treat Alzheimer’s. One difficulty lies in the nature of the disease itself. Biological changes begin developing in the brain long before symptoms appear. By the time memory problems become noticeable, significant neurological damage may already have occurred. Prof Nancy Ip’s research focuses on identifying these early biological signals. Advances in biotechnology now allow scientists to analyze the molecular composition of the human body with remarkable precision. Proteins circulating in the bloodstream can reveal subtle changes associated with neurological conditions. Researchers at the university have developed a blood based diagnostic test capable of detecting Alzheimer’s related changes with remarkable accuracy. By examining a group of protein biomarkers, the test can identify individuals who may be at risk even before symptoms appear. Such discoveries represent an important step toward earlier intervention. If doctors can identify the disease in its earliest stages, treatments may be more effective and patients may have better chances of maintaining cognitive health. The future of medical research also depends on understanding how diseases affect different populations. For decades much of the global biomedical data used in research was drawn largely from Western populations. Yet genetic diversity, lifestyle patterns, and environmental factors can influence how illnesses develop in different communities. To address this gap, researchers in Hong Kong established a comprehensive biobank containing biological samples and clinical data from thousands of Chinese Alzheimer’s patients. This resource provides scientists with valuable information for studying genetic risk factors and disease progression within this population. The insights gained from such research contribute to the growing field of personalized medicine. Instead of applying identical treatments to every patient, doctors can tailor therapies according to individual biological characteristics. Precision medicine promises more effective care and improved patient outcomes. Scientific discovery rarely occurs in isolation. Progress depends on cooperation between institutions, industries, and governments. Prof Nancy Ip has spent many years building partnerships that connect academic research with real world innovation. Effective collaboration begins with a shared